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The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism— often expressed in Ernst Haeckel's phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"—is a largely discredited biological hypothesis that in developing from embryo to adult, animals go through stages resembling or representing successive stages in the evolution of their remote ancestors. Since embryos also evolve in different ways, within the field of developmental biology the theory of recapitulation is seen as a historical side-note rather than as dogma.〔Blechschmidt, Erich (1977) ''The Beginnings of Human Life''. Springer-Verlag Inc., pg. 32: "The so-called basic law of biogenetics is wrong. No buts or ifs can mitigate this fact. It is not even a tiny bit correct or correct in a different form, making it valid in a certain percentage. It is totally wrong."〕〔Ehrlich, Paul; Richard Holm; Dennis Parnell (1963) ''The Process of Evolution''. New York: McGraw–Hill, pg. 66: "Its shortcomings have been almost universally pointed out by modern authors, but the idea still has a prominent place in biological mythology. The resemblance of early vertebrate embryos is readily explained without resort to mysterious forces compelling each individual to reclimb its phylogenetic tree."〕〔 With different formulations, such ideas have been applied and extended to several fields and areas, including the origin of language, religion, biology, cognition and mental activities,〔David G. Payne, Michael J. Wenger (1998) (''Cognitive Psychology'' ) p.352 quotation: 〕 anthropology,〔Carneiro, (1981) Robert L. ''(Herbert Spencer as an Anthropologist )'' Journal of Libertarian Studies, vol. 5, 1981, pp. 156–60〕 education theory〔 and developmental psychology.〔Paul Thagard (1992) (''Conceptual revolutions'' ) p.259〕 Recapitulation theory is still considered plausible and is applied by some researchers in fields such as the study of the origin of language,〔Danesi (1993) (p.6 ) quotation: 〕 cognitive development,〔 and behavioral development in animal species.〔Medicus (1992) p.2 quotation: 〕 ==Origins== The earliest recorded trace of a recapitulation theory is from the Egyptian Pharaoh Psamtik I (664 – 610 BCE), who used it as a hypothesis on the origin of language.〔Danesi (1993) (p.5 )〕〔Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne (1986) (''The Polish sociological bulletin: Números 57–72'' ) p.40 quotation: 〕 The concept of recapitulation was first formulated outside the field of biology. It was widely held among traditional theories of the origin of language (glottology), being assumed as a premise that children's use of language gives insights on its origin and evolution.〔Danesi (1993) (p.65 )〕 The idea was reprised in 1720 by Giambattista Vico in his influential ''Scienza Nuova''.〔〔Lernout, Geert (''Finnegans wake, fifty years'' ) p.56〕〔Danesi, Marcel (1995) (''Giambattista Vico and Anglo-American science: philosophy and writing'' ) p.217〕 It was first formulated in biology in the 1790s among the German Natural philosophers,〔Mayr (1994) () in ''The Quarterly Review of Biology''〕 after which, Marcel Danesi states, it soon gained the status of a supposed biogenetic law.〔 The first formal formulation was proposed by Étienne Serres in 1824–26 as what became known as the "Meckel-Serres Law", it attempted to provide a link between comparative embryology and a "pattern of unification" in the organic world. It was supported by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and became a prominent part of his ideas which suggested that past transformations of life could have had environmental causes working on the embryo, rather than on the adult as in Lamarckism. These naturalistic ideas led to disagreements with Georges Cuvier. It was widely supported in the Edinburgh and London schools of higher anatomy around 1830, notably by Robert Edmond Grant, but was opposed by Karl Ernst von Baer's ideas of divergence, and attacked by Richard Owen in the 1830s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Recapitulation theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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